List of Articles cat

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  1 - Epidemiology of lameness; economic importance, prevalence and incidence
  Marzieh Faezi Reyhaneh Sangtarash
  20.1001.1.24235695.1398.6.2.3.5
  Herd health and comprehensive preventive medicine were notified since the last half of 20th century, as the farmers were better educated and the value of individual animals relative to veterinary fees has decreased. Restricted attention had been given to the above idea More

  Herd health and comprehensive preventive medicine were notified since the last half of 20th century, as the farmers were better educated and the value of individual animals relative to veterinary fees has decreased. Restricted attention had been given to the above idea leads to misunderstanding of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Currently, veterinarians must support herd health programs designed to increase production by preventing disease, rather than just dispensing traditional treatment to clinically sick animals. Lameness as one of the costliest disorders in dairy herds, needs special attention. Both preventive costs (such as hoof trimming costs) and the losses due to heifer replacements and milk yield reduction should be counted as the economic losses of a disease. Indeed, local data play an important role in estimating lameness losses. Calculating measures of morbidity is a key point that helps the veterinarian and the farmer to know about the farm condition. So, in this article the economic importance of lameness and the concept of prevalence and incidence of it were reviewed. At the end there are some information about the prevalence and incidence of lameness in Iran and some other countries. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Isolation and Determination of Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella and Staphylococcus Isolated from Dog and Cat Diets
  Ebrahim  Janmohammadi Firooz Mehdi  Sharifi Soltani Atefeh Bozorgi
  20.1001.1.24235695.1400.8.1.2.6
  Bacterial contamination and widespread use of antibiotics lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to isolate Salmonella and Staphylococcus from diets used for dog and cat and to determine their antibiotic resistance. 50 samples More

  Bacterial contamination and widespread use of antibiotics lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to isolate Salmonella and Staphylococcus from diets used for dog and cat and to determine their antibiotic resistance. 50 samples of dog and cat dry diets were collected. For isolation of Salmonella, culture in liquid Selenite-F, Bismuth sulfite, xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) and Salmonella Chromogenic agar were used and for the detection of Staphylococcus, Baird-Parker and mannitol-salt agar. Antibiogram testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software, chi-square test and independent t-test (p≤0.05). Salmonella and Staphylococcus infections were 72% and 20% in dog food and 26% and 80% in cat food, respectively. 100% of the dry bulk feed of cats infected with Salmonella and Staphylococcus and 100% of the samples of dry bulk feed of dogs were infected with Salmonella. 100% of Salmonella strains were resistant to all antibiotics. There was a significant relationship between the level of bacterial contamination and the type of diet (p≤0.05). The presence of bacteria along with antibiotic resistance was identified in this study. Hygiene principles and microbial evaluations are necessary to control and prevent food contamination with bacteria. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Anesthetic management differences between small animal and horse
  Nasser Vesal
  20.1001.1.24235695.1399.7.2.1.0
  Veterinary anesthesia is a relatively new science that uses different drugs and techniques to provide optimal condition (analgesia, immobility, muscle relaxation and amnesia) to perform various medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures in domestic, exotic and wild ani More

  Veterinary anesthesia is a relatively new science that uses different drugs and techniques to provide optimal condition (analgesia, immobility, muscle relaxation and amnesia) to perform various medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures in domestic, exotic and wild animals. In order to perform a safe sedation, analgesia, local and general anesthesia, adequate scientific knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of the species are required. The most common species that referred for surgical procedures are small animal (cat and dog) and horses. Although surgical procedure are also performed on ruminants, general anesthesia is not common in these species due to some specific reasons (economic costs, bloat, regurgitation and easily performed standing surgeries in cattle). There are several anatomical, physiological and pharmacological differences as well as difference in body weight and temperament between small animal and horses that should be considered before anesthesia. The present paper discusses the major differences that require appropriate preoperative preparation when conducting anesthesia in small animal and horses. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Introduce of a Simple and Minimally Invasive Approach for Access to Epidural Space
  Asma Asadian Mohammad mehdi Dehghan Majid Masudifard َAthena Salimi
  20.1001.1.24235695.1400.8.1.5.9
  Background: Although various researches have been conducted to improve therapeutic strategies in resolving spinal cord injuries, robust clinical treatment is not yet available. Developing a standard animal model is essential before treatment. Objectives: The present st More

  Background: Although various researches have been conducted to improve therapeutic strategies in resolving spinal cord injuries, robust clinical treatment is not yet available. Developing a standard animal model is essential before treatment. Objectives: The present study was performed to introduce a simple, applicable, and minimally invasive approach for access to epidural space in cat. Methods: We used per-cutaneous approach from lumbosacral junction for stainless steel cannula insertion to the epidural space. CT-scan, conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, tractography, and behavioral evaluation were used to assess the correct position of cannula and neurological condition of the patient. Results: MRI results showed no significant change in signal intensity index of neural structures under lumbosacral junction. These observations were further supported by tractography, and also behavioral examination during study. Conclusions: We found that per-cutaneous approach from lumbosacral junction is a simple and applicable approach which has no side effects and artifact formation in MRI evaluation. Manuscript profile
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  5 - Cesarean section procedure in cattle
  Khosro Safari Nikroo Negin Rahimdoust Mozhdehi Samaneh Ghasemi
  20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.1.2.3
  Cesarean operation is one of the oldest surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. In farm animals practice, especially in meat producing animals, this technique is a relatively frequent and performed when normal parturition is not possible. Dystocia is the most import More

  Cesarean operation is one of the oldest surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. In farm animals practice, especially in meat producing animals, this technique is a relatively frequent and performed when normal parturition is not possible. Dystocia is the most important reason for cesarean procedure and survival of the cow and the calf, and maintenance of fertility are the main aims of cesarean in cattle. In this article, the history of this technique has been briefly mentioned and the aim of this article is to describe the indications of cesarean, decision making for surgery, preparaton of the patient, different cesarian surgical approaches, as well as post-operative cares and complications in cattle. Manuscript profile
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  6 - Septic arthritis in cattle and calf
  Seyed Mousa Mousavi Samaneh Ghasemi
  20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.1.4
  Septic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in cattle and calves and delay in treatment, can lead to early culling, a decrease in production, and economic losses in herd. Although responsible for septic arthritis but can also be caused by other microorganisms. Th More

  Septic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in cattle and calves and delay in treatment, can lead to early culling, a decrease in production, and economic losses in herd. Although responsible for septic arthritis but can also be caused by other microorganisms. This condition occurs when joint space affects by invasion of various microorganisms. Failure of transfer of passive immunity, penetrating wounds, septicemia, and therapeutic or diagnostic interventions are the causes of septic arthritis. Lameness, joint effusion, pain, and fever are the most important of clinical signs of septic arthritis. One or more joints may be affected. Complete physical examination, synovial fluid and blood analysis, and imaging studies techniques are used as diagnostic tools for septic arthritis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of septic arthritis are necessary to improve prognosis. Treatment strategy of septic arthritis includes antimicrobial therapy, anti-inflammatories, and joint lavage. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of septic arthritis are described in this article. Manuscript profile
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  7 - Local anethetic techniques of distal limbs in cattle
  mohammad ali sadeghi Samaneh Ghasemi
  20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.3.6
  Cattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are rela More

  Cattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are relatively simple and inexpensive with low side effects. Local or reginal anesthesia involve the local anesthetic drug that provide the absence of sensation in a region of body. Use of appropriate of local anesthesia is an important tool to perform different therapeutic and surgical procedures in limbs of cattle. It is important that local anesthesia provides sufficient analgesia for pain management. Lidocaine is the most common local anesthetic drug used in cattle. Before injection, the skin should be cleaned to reduce the chance of introducing pathogens. There are several techniques of local and reginal anesthesia including nerve block, ring block, four-point and, intravenous regional anesthesia for distal limbs in cattle. In nerve block, an anesthetic drug injects near specific nerves while ring block performs by injection of an anesthetic drug circumferentially around the mid-metacarpus or metacarpus region. In low four-point block, local anesthetic drug is injected in four sites to anesthetize the lower limb from pastern distally. During intravenous regional anesthesia, an anesthetic drug is intravenously injected by a catheter followed by the placement of a tourniquet around the limb. Consideration to the volume of used local anesthetic drug is necessary for prevention of toxic effect of these drugs. In this article, the most common local anesthetic techniques of the distal limbs in cattle are described. Manuscript profile
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  8 - Digit amputation in cattle
  Sajjad  Pishbin Farzad Hayati
  Lameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the majo More

  Lameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the major causes of lameness in cattle. Bones of the digits in cattle include the first, second and, third phalanx. Two vestigial digits are existed in cattle. The medial digit and the lateral digit are the main weight bearing structures on the forelimb and hindlimb, respectively. One of the practical treatments for injuries of the digits is its amputation. Among the most important causes of digit amputation, can mention osteomyelitis of finger and navicular bones, septic arthritis of interdigital joints, fractures and hoof traumas that have not responded to other conservative treatment. Most of digit amputation procedures perform under local anesthetic techniques with the cattle standing position. Selection of digit amputation techniques depends on several factors, such as the lesion type and the extent of involved anatomical structures. The most common surgical method is to amputate the digit through the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx without the need for a skin flap, which usually has a good prognosis and is effective in improving the economic life of the animal. Todays, limb amputation and the use of prosthesis are indicated in cattle or calf with untreatable musculoskeletal trauma or infection. General anesthesia is recommended for limb amputation. Although the short-term prognosis for limb amputation is good, the long-term prognosis depends on the weight of the animal and caring condition. Manuscript profile
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  9 - Management of fractures in cattle
  Nasim Qaemifar Faezeh Alipour
  20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.5.8
  Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fractu More

  Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fracture and recovery. Generally, fractures which occur in ruminants and generally in large ruminants are of great importance for treatment because according to experiences, despite the cost incurred, the treatment of these complications is a good result .Often fractures occur in hind limb and fore limb parts of the animals and fewer cases are reported from the other parts. Selection of appropriate treatment method and control of these complications is affected by several factors, but in general, economic factors in patients can be considered as one of the most effective factors in this selection. About fracture management, some factors such as physical examination, prevention of subsequent secondary infection and etc, are discussed. In general, from 1950 onwards, the use of internal fixation in the treatment of fractures increased. The costs that are used to provide internal fixation instruments, preparation of radiographs, the salary of surgeons, postoperative cares and etc, may be considered for the owner, therefore, it should be considered before the beginning of surgery. Although there are many studies about the modification of fractures with external fixation, but there is a little data about the use of this system in large animals. In this article, the principles of treatment of internal and external fixation fractures are mentioned. Manuscript profile